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146 ORGANIZACIJA ZNANJA 2005, LETN. 10, ZV. 3 detail_dossier_real.cfm?CL=en&DosId=180710 [43] INFOREGIO, The regions and the new economy - Guidelines for innovative actions co-funded by the European Regional Develop- ment Fund 2000-06, http://europa.eu.int/comm/regional_policy/ innovation/pdf/sheet/inforegio_en.pdf. [44] Inforegio Panorama, Politique de Cohesion: quel avenir dans une Union elargie?, Nr.3, Communautes Europeennes, 2001. [45] The Candidate Countries with the assistance of the European Commission, eEurope+2003. A cooperative effort to implement the Information Society in Europe. Action Plan, June 2001, http://europa.eu.int/information_society/topics/international/regu- latory/eeuropeplus/doc/eEurope_june2001.pdf. Please also note that eEurope 2005 plans to integrate smoothly, step by step, new Member States into its policy and benchmark- ing. [46] Central and Eastern Europe Information Society Benchmarks, Summary Report, September 2004 http://europa.eu.int/information_society/eeurope/2005/all_about/ benchmarking/index_en.htm [47] Preston Paschal, “The Information Superhighway and the Less Developed Regions/Smaller Entities: Implications for Policy in the EU”, in Kubicek Herbert, Dutton William H., Williams Robin (eds.), The Social Shaping of Information Superhighways. Euro- pean and American Roads to the Information Society, Campus Verlag, St. Martin’s Press, Frankfurt/New York, 1997, pp. 277- 297. [48] Commission of the European Communities, eEurope 2005, doc. cit. [49] See http://www.content-village.org/. A working programme for years 2003 and 2004 has been adopted last year. [50] eTen, Deploying Services for an Information Society for All (eServices), http://europa.eu.int/information_society/activities/ eten/index_en.htm. [51] Commission of the European Communities, Information society Technologies. A thematic priority for Research and Development under the Specific Programme “Integrating and strengthening the European Research area” in the Community sixth Framework Programme, 2003-2004 Working programme, 2002, ftp://ftp. cordis.lu/pub/ist/docs/wp2003-04_final_en.pdf. For an accurate view on societal strengths, weaknesses and challenges of each aspect of this thematic priority, see Internal Reflection Group (IRG) Report, Major Societal Challenges in the IST Programme of the Sixth Framework Programme, 8 May 2002, ftp://ftp.cordis . lu/pub/ist/docs/irg-msc-eport-v6(final).doc. [52] As it is not the purpose of this paper, we will not emphasise in- ternational level policies and relations. But it is worth noting that agreements like WTO GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) as well as other multilateral or bilateral dialogue be- tween Europe and all its partners have an important role to play in the definition of the European policies. [53] Six European Directives and one decision have been published in the recent times: a Framework Directive, an Access Directive, an Authorisation Directive, a Universal Service Directive, a Direc- tive on privacy and electronic communications, and a Radio Spec- trum Decision, Official Journal of the European Communities of April 24, 2002 (L108, volume 45, pp. 1-77) and July 31, 2002. Member states are awaited to have these directives transposed on national grounds not later than July 24, 2003. [54] As pointed out in 1999 by Catinat Michel, Entrer dans la societ de l’information. L’enseignement americain, in Futuribles, Nr. 242, May 1999, pp. 19-42. [55] The ‘Computer Systems Policy Project’, an affiliation of chief ex- ecutive officers of the 13 largest American computer companies, were advocating a strictly business perspective on development of the Global Information Infrastructure, together with a tough negotiating posture. FINS Special Report February 21, 1995. [56] New Regulatory Framework for electronic communications infra- structure and associated services, doc. cit. [57] Council of Europe, Convention n° 185 on Cybercrime, http://con- ventions.coe.int/Default.asp. [58] Alvaro de Miranda and Morten Kristiansen, Technological Deter- minism and Ideology: The European Union and the Information Society, Paper delivered at the 3rd Policy Agendas for Sustain- able Technological Innovation (POSTI) International Workshop, London, U.K., 1-3 December 2000, http://www.esst.uio.no/posti/ workshops/miranda.pdf. [59] A. de Miranda et al. note that the link was first made by American presidential adviser, Zbigniew Brzezinski in his 1969 book Be- tween Two Ages, America’s Role in the Technetronic Era (quoted from A. Mattelart, archeologie de la “Societe de l’Information”, in Le Monde Diplomatique, August 2000). [60] European Commission, White Paper on growth, competitiveness, and demployment: The challenges and ways forward into the 21st century, COM(93) 700 final, Brussels, 5 December 1993, http://europa.eu.int/en/record/white/c93700/contents.html. [61] Bernard Cassen, Naissance de l’Europe S.A., in Le Monde Diplo- matique, Juin 2000. [62] Volker Schneider proposes an interesting review of these hypoth- eses and others in: Schneider Volker, Different Roads to the Infor- mation Society? Comparing U.S. and European Approaches from a Public Policy Perspective, in Kubicek Herbert, Dutton William H., Williams Robin (eds.), The Social Shaping of Information Superhighways, opacity, pp. 339-358. [63] European Commission, Facing the challenge. The Lisbon strategy for growth and employment, Report from the High Level Group chaired by Wim Kok. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publica- tions of the European Communities, 2004 - 51 pp., ISBN 92-894- 7054-2. [64] Ducatel Ken, Webster Juliet, Herrmann Werner, Information Infrastructures or Societies?, in Ducatel Ken, Webster Juliet, Herrmann Werner (eds.), Praise for The Information Society in Europe. Work and Life in an Age of Globalization, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 2000, p. 9. [65] van Bastelaer Beatrice, eEurope and User Aspects of ICT, COST Working Paper No. 1, June 2001. She was research assistant at the CITA, FUNDP Namur, and is currently associate project leader at the eGovernment team of the Walloon Region, Belgium. [66] Although a traditional European (French?) trend of considering IT as creating more problems than it solves, we can say that EU ral- lied the US position which is more confident about the potential