OZ 2016/1

26 ORGANIZACIJA ZNANJA 2016, LETN. 21, ZV. 1 tail" or "freechange". The freechange business model applies primarily to the Internet economy and appeals to the Net generation that is already used to free services and, at the same time, does not like copyright or, from a broader perspective, intellectual property protection. In the case of information in cyberspace, everything we thought we knew about intellectual property proved wrong. It would be wise to declare a moratorium over the legislation and international agreements on intellectual property protection until we develop the appropriate concepts for cyberspace. The area of copyright and related rights is full of contradictions. The valid (traditional) copyright paradigm, as presented by the World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is going through a structural crisis. The authors are unilaterally exploited by the copyright holders and must be protected against such exploitation with legal and other measures. The controversial 2011 Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA) is an attempt to define the "golden standards" with regards to the adoption of the 1994 Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) that represents the minimum framework for establishing these rights at an international level. American law proposals with the aim of preventing copyright violations by foreign websites, and a similar Australian legal act, adopted in June 2015, present a threat to the freedom of speech and to free access to online information, which are safeguarded on the Internet not only for American users but for users worldwide, and pose a great threat to the free and open Internet. The structural copyright crisis is primarily related to the fact that the legislation protects the copyright holders and not the authors of the copyright protected works. This is most prominent in the case of copyright protected works for which rightsholders are positively indeterminate or uncontactable (orphan works). The valid legislation on copyright and related rights also impacts the contents of full-text databases. Once databases were internationally marketed in Europe, the area of copyright protection of databases and the harmonisation of laws and regulations in this area became more significant within the EU. The connection between copyright and related rights and the tasks of libraries are visible in their relationship to open access to information, censorship, the right to rent and lend, privacy protection, cultural heritage and work ethics. The technological measures for protecting copyright protected works are strong generators of a digital shadow. Aconcept of copyright suitable for the digital age was predicted by the Croatian information scientist Božo Težak already at the end of the 1960s. Keywords copyright, author's right, Internet, knowledge-based economy, acts and agreements, orphan works, library tasks Osnovni pojmi v zvezi z avtorsko pravico (angl. copyright ) V zahodni kulturi je avtor od Sumercev dalje glavno sredstvo za identifikacijo dela (Carpenter, 2000). V razpravi med znanim škotskim zgodovinarjemThomasom Carlylom (1795–1881) in takratnim glavnim knjižničarjem v Britanski knjižnici A. G. M. Panizzijem (1797–1879) ob rekonstrukciji kataloga konec tridesetih let 19. stoletja se je, kar je zanimivo, Carlyle zavzemal za naslov dela kot iztočnico, Panizzi pa za abecedni katalog po avtorju. Sprejet je bil Panizzijev koncept. Panizzi je bil zelo vpliven tudi pri uveljavitvi dokumenta Copyright Act iz leta 1842, ki je britanske založnike zavezal, da Britanski knjižnici kot de facto nacionalni knjižnici posredujejo obvezni izvod vsake knjige, tiskane v Združenem kraljestvu. Vprimeru avtorske pravice gre za staro, kot menijo nekateri, tudi naravno pravico (Jer 23, 30; Šercar in Brbre, 2007). Za razliko od zgolj pozitivne pravice naj bi bila naravna pravica izraz poseganja morale s svojimi normami v naravo samo (Trstenjak, 1985). Sodobni biblicisti si prizadevajo ugotoviti starost posameznih knjig Biblije (gr. biblion , množina: biblia ) oz. njihovih delov. Poleg tega jih zanima, v kakšnem pomenu je njihov avtor tisti, katerega ime nosi posamezna knjiga, glede na naše sedanje pojmovanje avtorstva. Avtor Peteroknjižja (Postava, Tora) naj bi bil Mojzes. Prehod na digitalne sisteme in vire je prinesel veliko novih problemov tudi na področju avtorske pravice in sorodnih pravic. Digitalni objekti doživljajo nenehne spremembe, zato so bolj zapleteni. Še vedno ni jasno, kaj je objavljeno delo in kaj neobjavljeno delo. Prav tako še ni konsenza o definiciji e-knjige. Pri avtorski pravici gre izvirno za pravico do kopiranja izvoda (angl. copyright ). Beseda "avtorska pravica" je ponesrečena in tudi zavajajoča, saj napeljuje na to, da naj bi bila osrednja oseba avtor, ne pa imetnik pravice do kopiranja. Avtor je vsekakor imetnik moralne avtorske pravice, vendar je zelo redko tudi imetnik materialnih pravic, ki je po vrednostnih merilih sodobne družbe najbolj pomemben. Tvrtko-Matija Šercar: STRUKTURNA KRIZA AVTORSKE PRAVICE